Principles of Political Economy: With Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy

Couverture
Longmans, Green, and Company, 1904 - 591 pages

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Table des matières

Fallacy respecting Taxation
55
people
57
On what depends the degree of Productiveness
63
Of Cooperation or the Combination of Labour
71
Of Production on a Large and Production
81
Conditions necessary for the large system of production
87
Of Peasant Proprietors
92
Of the Law of the Increase of Labour
96
mulation
102
Of the Law of the Increase of Production
108
Consequences of the foregoing Laws
117
BOOK II
123
1 Introductory remarks
129
3
135
Rights of property in abuses
144
Evidence respecting peasant properties in Switzerland
146
in promoting forethought and selfcontrol
173
on the subdivision of land
180
Nature and operation of cottier tenure
193
Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors
199
Of Wages
207
which are in some cases legal
213
would require as a condition legal measures for repression
219
The Remedies for Low Wages further
225
and by large measures of immediate relief through foreign
231
Effect on wages of a class of subsidized competitors
238
Cases in which wages are fixed by custom
244
Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particular
247
The rate of profit depends on the Cost of Labour
253
Is payment for capital sunk in the soil rent or profit?
259
The laws of Value how modified in their application to retail
267
Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite multiplication
274
Of Rent in its Relation to Value
285
The theory of Value recapitulated in a series of propositions
292
The value of money depends cæteris paribus on its quantity
298
Of International Trade
347
which depend on the Equation of International Demand
353
The preceding theory not complete
360
Of Money considered as an Imported
367
The precious metals as money are of the same value and
370
Distinction between variations in the exchanges which are self
373
Influence of Currency on the Exchanges
380
Effect of a sudden increase of a metallic currency or of the sudden
381
Circumstances which determine the fluctuations
388
the value of money
390
Of the Regulation of a Convertible
394
Reasons for thinking that the Currency Act of 1844 produces
397
but produces mischiefs more than equivalent
400
Should the issue of bank notes be confined to a single esta
408
Of Distribution as affected by Exchange
416
INFLUENCE OF THE PROGRESS OF SOCIETY
421
Effect of the progress of society in moderating fluctuations of value
427
production stationary
433
Fifth case all the three elements progressive
437
1 Doctrine of Adam Smith on the competition of capital
439
In opulent countries profits habitually near to the minimum
443
6
445
On the Probable Futurity of the Laboure
455
BOOK V
479
A land tax in some cases not taxation but a rentcharge in favour
493
Of Taxes on Commodities
504
Comparison between Direct and Indirect
521
Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by loans?
528
Laws of Inheritance
536
Cases of delegated management
579
hours of labour disposal of colonial lands
581
Case of acts done for the benefit of others than the persons con cerned Poor Laws
583
Colonization
585
other miscellaneous examples
589
Government intervention may be necessary in default of private agency in cases where private agency would be more suitable
590

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Page 195 - I cordially subscribe to the remark of one of the greatest thinkers of our time, who says of the supposed differences of race, "of all vulgar modes of escaping from the consideration of the effect of social and moral influences on the human mind, the most vulgar is that of attributing the diversities of conduct and character to inherent natural differences.
Page 126 - If, therefore, the choice were to be made between Communism with all its chances, and the present state of society with all its sufferings and injustices; if the institution of private property...
Page 74 - One man draws out the wire; another straights it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head...
Page 588 - In the particular circumstances of a given age or nation, there is scarcely anything, really important to the general interest, which it may not be desirable, or even necessary, that the government should take upon itself, not because private individuals cannot effectually perform it, but because they will not.
Page 169 - Give a man the secure possession of a bleak rock, and he will turn it into a garden ; give him a nine years' lease of a garden, and he will convert it into a desert.
Page 481 - Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner, in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it.
Page 482 - Equality of taxation, therefore, as a maxim of politics, means equality of sacrifice. It means, apportioning the contribution of each person towards the expenses of government, so that he shall feel neither more nor less inconvenience from his share of the payment than every other person experiences from his.
Page 122 - The distribution of wealth, therefore, depends on the laws and customs of society. The rules by which it is determined, are what the opinions and feelings of the ruling portion of the community make them, and are very different in different ages and countries ; and might be still more different, if mankind so chose.
Page 554 - But it cannot be expected that individuals should at their own risk, or rather to their certain loss, introduce a new manufacture, and bear the burden of carrying it on until the producers have been educated up to the level of those with whom the processes are traditional. A protecting duty, continued for a reasonable time, will sometimes be the least inconvenient mode in which the nation can tax itself for the support of such an experiment.
Page 294 - There cannot . . . ," he wrote, "be intrinsically a more insignificant thing, in the economy of society, than money; except in the character of a contrivance for sparing time and labour. It is a machine for doing quickly and commodiously, what would be done, though less quickly and commodiously, without it: and like many other kinds of machinery, it only exerts a distinct and independent influence of its own when it gets out of order

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