6137 V.2.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.

CHAPTER X.

ON THE ACQUISITION OF LANDED PROPERTY BY THE POOR.

Important effects of the acquisition of Landed Property on the character of

the Poor-in reclaiming them from wandering and predatory habits-in foster-

ing habits of Industry-and developing the limitations to Population-Exam-

ples of its beneficial effects From England-From France-Switzerland-

Flanders and Holland-Norway and Sweden-Italy-Spain and Portugal—

Opposite effects in Hindostan and China, and Ireland-Contrast of effects of

this system in Free and Despotic States-Effects of division of land in diminish.

ing Poor's Rates-Bad effects of an undue accumulation of property in some

members of society, and distribution in others-Mode in which this distribu-

tion should be permitted to arise-Primogeniture is indispensable-Extrava-

gant expenditure of the rich landholders is the provision for effecting this dis-

tribution-Impolicy and ruinous effect of Entails of expensive system of con-

veyance of land-rights-and process of law for attaching land-Ruinous effect

of the violent seizure of land by Revolutionary Force-Its necessary tenden-

cy to induce oriental despotism, as now exemplified in modern France since

the Revolution.-P. 1-74.

CHAPTER XI.

ON THE MORAL EVILS AND Management oF THE POOR IN GREAT CITIES.

Contagion of Vice in Great Cities-Want of foresight and sway of immediate

desire the great evils-Innumerable temptations to which the poor are there

exposed-Voluntary Charity, or Benevolence, wholly unable to relieve it-

Example of the total failure of the Voluntary System in Glasgow-Popular

Instruction inadequate to restrain it, from the limited class whom it really can

affect-Proof of this from the example of the higher classes-Causes of this

failure Which are of a permanent class-It is necessary to enlist the active

propensities on the side of Virtue-Effect of this on all classes of Society-Ne-

cessity of raising the duties on Ardent Spirits This an indispensable prelimi-

nary-Improvement by public authority and aid of the worst part of crowded

streets and alleys-Vigorous, just, and expeditious administration of Criminal

Law-Great value of the punishment of Transportation-General System of

Emigration for the destitute Poor at the Public Expense-Establishments for

giving the people the means of saving-Uniformly beneficial effect of private

Charity Answer to the prevailing errors on this subject.—75–165.

CHAPTER XII

ON A LEGAL PROVISION FOR THE POOR.

Variation of Public opinion on the subject of legal relief for the Poor-

Statement of the Question-Slavery universal in early times-It constitutes

the transition from the indolence of Savage to the continued labour of Civiliz-

ed Life-Provides for the Subsistence of the Destitute in these periods-Legal

relief for destitute indispensable where society has assumed a complex form-

Causes which there render it unavoidable-Principal one is the great inequali-

ty of Property-And it is nearly universal where such inequality exists-Ad-

vantages of such an assessment-It equalizes the burden on the community-

Prevents the Poor from being utterly degraded in their habits-Tends to di-

minish the prevalence of fraud and imposition-And to prevent the growth of

a vicious and degraded population—Provides a fund capable of expansion or

contraction according to circumstances-And is far more steady than volun-

tary Charity-Important and salutary effects of a legal provision for the Poor

on the principle of Population-Prevents the growth of redundant and indi-

gent numbers-Leads to no undue impulse to the principle of increase-Ra-

ther diminishes the diseased action of that principle-Prior to English Poor

Laws evils of mendicity were severely felt there—The present state of Eng-

land the best proof of their good effects-Principles of Assessment--And ap-

plication of the funds-Strong Injunctions to this social duty in the Gospel

-No variance between them and the real interest of the Poor.-166-241.

CHAPTER XIII.

ON CHURCH ESTABLISHMENTS AND THE VOLUNTARY SYSTEM.

General acknowledgement of the necessity of some Religious Instruction for

the People-Inadequacy of all attempts for their improvement, if not attended

with this addition, as proved in the case of France-System of the Voluntaries

on this head-Of the supporters of an Established Church-Argument in fa-

vour of the latter-It maintains the Church out of its own funds; and so bur-

dens no one persuasion for the support of another-It is in a peculiar manner

the Church of the Poor-Absurdity of throwing the religious Instruction of the

Poor as a Tax on their own Industry-A National Establishment unites together

all classes Forms the true bond of National Strength-Prevents the divisions

of Time mingling with the concerns of Eternity—Can alone maintain the inde-

pendence and utility of the clergy-Mr Burke's opinion on the subject-Expe-

rienced impossibility of supporting Religious Instruction of the People from

their own Industry-As proved in the Case of Glasgow-And with the Dis-

senters generally in Great Britain-In the colonies of Australia and Canada

-Answer to Tocqueville's arguments on this subject.-242-291.

CHAPTER XIV.

ADVANTAGES AND DANGERS OF POPULAR INSTRUCTION.

Necessity of Religious Instruction-Increase of intellectual vigour and acti-

vity flowing from general Education-Corresponding danger with which it is

attended-Effects of intellectual cultivation on the majority of men-Its to-

tal ineficacy as an antidote to sin-Dangers of exciting the imaginations of

men beyond their sphere in life-Examples of the effect of extended informa-

tion on the increase of crime from Scotland-From England-From France-

From Sweden and Norway-From America—Only remedy which is likely to

be effectual in resisting the progress of depravity arising from the extension of

human desires beyond the means of gratifying them, which their circumstances

afford.-292-346.

CHAPTER XV.

ON COLONIZATION and the RECIPROCITY SYSTEM.

Marvellous growth of the British Colonial Empire-General decline of our

exports to Europe during the last forty years-And progressive increase of

foreign over British shipping in conducting our trade during that period-

Causes to which this has been owing-Different principles of the Colonial

and Reciprocity Systems-They cannot coexist in the same state-Effect of

the Reciprocity System on our foreign shipping with the countries with

whom these treaties have been concluded-Effects on the progress of our

trade with the same countries-Trade with the countries with whom we have

concluded no Reciprocity treaties-General result of the progress of our

trade with foreign nations, and our colonies or their descendants-Funda-

mental errors of the Reciprocity System-It strives to resist an obvious and

important law of Nature—And was founded on an apparent and fallacious,

not real reciprocity-Principle on which the commercial hostility of foreign

nations to us is founded-Signal error in supposing that the increase of our

exports to any quarter will counterbalance these disadvantages-Causes which

have counterbalanced the decay of our exports to, and shipping with the Euro-

pean states-Astonishing growth of our colonial empire-Progress of our

trade with Canada-And Australia-And the East Indies-Wonderful con-

trast between that and our trade with the old states of Europe-Magnitude

of our exports to the colonies per head of their inhabitants, compared with

that to the states of the old world-Causes of this difference-Incredible

benefit which the increase of our colonial empire would bring to the parent

state-In relieving our population, creating a market for our manufactures,

and increasing our navy-Marked decline in the British Navy at this time,

compared with what it was in 1792-Effect of Colonies obviating this evil---

Singular passage of Gibbon on New Zealand-Magnificent prospects of Bri-

tish Colonization-And their apparent connection with ancient Prophecy.—

347-407.

CHAPTER XVI.

ON THE CORN LAWS.

Permanent cause which in all old established states renders agricultural

protection indispensable, if they would preserve their national independence

-Argument against this by the Anti corn-law Advocates-Argument on the

other side by the Agriculturists-Free Importation of Grain would in the

outset lower, but not in the end materially affect, the price of provisions-

Permanently reduced prices and permanently overflowing supply cannot co-

exist-Instances of the impossibility of this from the case of separate cities—

And countries-Fall in the price of subsistence would not benefit the con-

dition of the People-as wages would immediately fall in the same propor-

tion-Manufacturers would not be benefited-as the home market for their

produce would be lost greater than the foreign gained-Superior importance

of the home to the foreign consumption of our manufactures-Value of the

agricultural produce of the Nation-And our manufactures-Proportions of

the people employed in these different interests-Dangers of free admission

of foreign grain to our national independence—Immense resources of British

agriculture-Important effect of Corn Laws in equalizing prices—Example

of the effect of agricultural plenty on general prosperity from four years pre-

ceding 1836-And of the opposite effect from the four bad years since that

time-Nations from whom we import corn will not take our manufactures—

Reasons of this jealousy of our commercial greatness-Vast inferiority of

the markets for our manufacturing produce in these nations to that afforded

by our own cultivators.--408-460.

CHAPTER XVII.

ON THE FUTURE INCREASE OF MANKIND.

Mode in which the intentions of Nature in regard to the Increase and Des-

tiny of Mankind are carried into effect-Analogy between the changing de-

sires of the Individual and those of the Species-Progressive changes in so-

ciety which work out the same system in the social world-Rapid increase

in early times-Gradual retardation as society advances-And ultimate sta-

tionary condition in its last ages-Exemplified from the history of all nations

-Grounds for dispelling all alarms on the subject of the over-increase of

Mankind—Origin of the prevailing errors on this subject-From overlooking

the progress in human affairs-Examples of the application of these prin-

ciples in the world at this time-Capacities of increase, existing in the world

at this time, for the future growth of Mankind-In Asia, America, Europe, and

Australia-Progressive increase in the fertility of the globe--Boundless capa-

bility of yielding food which the ocean contains-Growth of a New Conti.

nent from the Coral Islands of the South Seas-No dangers, therefore, to

be anticipated from over-increase in any quarter of the Globe-Moral des-

tinies of Mankind-Provision for the spread of civilisation from the power

of Russia in Asia, and the spread of the Anglo-Saxon race in Transmarine

Regions-Moving power of the one is the passion for conquest-In the other

the desire for Colonization-Which springs from Democratic Feeling—

Adaptation of these two moving powers to the great destinies they are ulti-

mately to work out-Approach of the diffusion of Christianity over the Globe

by these means-General conclusion.-461-531.

APPENDIX, 533.