U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, Numéro 1693

aerial photographs areas armored Benumof bluff erosion bluff recession bluff toe California cliff and bluff cliff edge cliff erosion cliff face cliff or bluff cliff retreat coastal cliffs coastal erosion Coastal Research coastline deposits earthquake Edil El Niño elevation Engineering eroding bluffs erosion rates factors Figure geomorphology glacial Gleneden Beach Griggs ground-water hazard Journal of Coastal Kelley Komar lake level Lake Michigan landslides lidar Lincoln City littoral cells Loma Prieta earthquake long-term maps marine terraces material meters mudstones nearshore Niño North occur ocean offshore Oregon coast predicted processes protection Puget Sound recession rates result retreat rates rock San Diego County sea cliffs sea level sea-cliff erosion seawalls sediment Shore and Beach shoreline slope failure slump spatial steep structures Sunamura surface Survey tectonic tion typically Washington water levels wave action wave attack wave climate wave erosion wave heights wave impact zone