broad bands running down the centre of the forehead to the nose and across each cheek from ear to mouth.

The children seemed happy

I suppose their condition seemed a little pathetic to

There are about thirty of these schools for aborigines in what are known as the "tamed" districts of Formosa. enough; they were clean and well cared for. is undoubtedly improved, although to me it see these children of nature being-to coin a word-Japanised. admittedly the object of the administration, but whether by such a process the people do not lose more than they gain will always be a moot point.

This is

Kapanzan lies on the fringe of the " savage country, into which, of course, we were not allowed to go. The area whose inhabitants have not yet submitted to the Government is a very considerable one, comprising large districts of the eastern highlands, which contain valuable stands of camphor trees. The camphor is collected by the Formosans and Japanese by felling the trees and cutting chips from them. The chips are then boiled down until they give off a vapour which crystallises. The crystals are collected, packed in tins or bags, and sent down to the central factory where they are refined and pressed into the cubes one buys in chemists' shops. Camphor is a Government monopoly, and Formosa produces nearly the whole world supply, but owing to the native question it is becoming more difficult to obtain.

The Government seemed to me to show great lack of sympathy in dealing with these people, for the whole of the savage area, nearly 7000 square miles, or half the island, is surrounded by a barbed-wire entanglement which is electrified, and along this frontier are dotted guard-houses at frequent intervals. Periodically this line is pushed forward and the aborigines within the reclaimed area are "tamed." It is a drastic method of administration and a very expensive one. It is true that the aborigines practise head-hunting, but when it is considered that a similar problem confronted the British North Borneo Chartered Company when it took over a territory twice the size of Formosa, and that the problem was solved by means of a handful of district officers and police stationed among the natives, it is impossible not to draw comparisons unfavourable to the Japanese.

After breakfast the following morning we had the opportunity of seeing some of these ex-head-hunters in full kit. They were finely built and well set up, and had a single band tattooed down the centre of the forehead. Apart from this they were in appearance very similar to the hill natives of North Borneo. They seemed mild-mannered people, and friendly relations were soon established. The black fox fur which my wife was wearing caused much interest, and each had to make a close inspection of it. I have always found that primitive people are far more impressed by the comparatively familiar than by the unknown. Things quite outside their experience, such as a battleship, often leave them cold, but anything that is an improvement on what is familiar to them excites their interest at once. These people used furs in cold weather

themselves and hunted animals to get them; that was why the black fox, head and all, so much excited their admiration. They proved quite amenable to being photographed, and we bought a few clothes and curios from them, for which they were sufficiently "tamed" to ask exorbitant prices. Although the Japanese call these people savages, they have a certain amount of artistic ability. They have several forms of house, all more or less primitive, the type varying with the district in which they live.

From this brief account of Formosa it will appear that the Japanese have accomplished much during the past thirty years. They have made the best of their colony, fostered its industries, introduced new ones, educated it to be a market for Japan's exports, and made it a source of much needed imports of rice, salt, sugar, and other things, besides obtaining an immense revenue derived from tea and camphor. But they have failed, and failed utterly, in their attempt to settle the people of the hills. I think their fault has been lack of sympathy. They have despised these people and treated them as savages, whereas even a pagan has perfectly good customs and ideals of his own. If the Japanese gave up the principle of making them become Japanese and fostered the spirit of this native race, sending amongst them officers who would rule them with justice and understanding as Britain is doing all over the world to-day, I think she would find that one such district officer would be better than a battery of field guns and one hundred miles of electrified wire.

THE DE FILIPPI EXPEDITION TO TRANSHIMALAYA, THE KARAKORAM, AND CHINESE TURKESTAN, 1913-1914.

By C. DU RICHE PRELLER, M. A., Ph.D., M.I.E. E., F.G.S.,
F.R.G.S., F.R.S. E.

(With two Sketch-Maps.)

I. INTRODUCTORY.

As adumbrated in the Magazine of November last, the first two instalments of the scientific records of the De Filippi Expedition, 1913-1914, already reviewed by the present writer,1 have recently been followed by a third publication in the form of Sir Filippo De Filippi's "Story" or Report of the inception, execution, and completion of the great enterprise.2 Appealing as it does to general rather than to strictly technical and scientific readers, it is of abounding and commanding interest: moreover, it is not only a beautifully got up and richly illustrated

The Glacial Period in the Upper Indus Basin," January 1924. Economic Conditions of Ladak and Baltistan," November 1924.

The Racial and

Storia della Spedizione scientifica italiana nel Himalaia, Caracorum, e Turchestan Cinese, 1913-1914. Filippo De Filippi. Bologna: Nicola Zanichelli, 1921.

édition de luce, but in its historical and explorative comprehensiveness constitutes the most synthetic and up-to-date work on the vast region traversed by the expedition. It further possesses the conspicuous literary merit of admirable clearness, directness, and precision of style which would readily lend itself to an effective translation into English.

As a preliminary to the review of the work, it will be of interest to mention briefly the distinguished record of the author as an Italian organiser, explorer, and writer of outstanding capacity. Born in Turin, that focus of the magnificently curved Alpine girdle from Monte Viso to Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa, he has been from his youth an ardent and intrepid climber. Apart from this, he possesses the advantage, so valuable to explorers in foreign parts, of medical proficiency, in his case that of clinical surgery, in which capacity, as an Italian M.D., he lectured and did valuable research work in the Universities of Bologna and Genoa. Thus equipped, he became closely associated with the enterprising young Duke of the Abruzzi, to whom the volume under notice is dedicated. As the Duke's leading lieutenant and organiser, he, then Dr. De Filippi, took part in that prince's remarkable explorative expeditions to Alaska and Mount St. Elias in 1897; to Central Africa and Ruwenzori in 1906; and to the Western Karakoram and Baltoro glacier in 1909, achieving on the " Bride" Peak the then record altitude of 25,000 feet. Of all these expeditions masterly reports and maps. were published by him under the Duke's patronage. Sir Filippo's own latest expedition to Kashmir, Transhimalaya, and the Eastern Karakoram range was the outcome and complement of the previous exploration of the western part, more especially in view of the fact that of all the great glaciers of that formidable mountain chain, the stupendous Rimu1 glacier basin at the eastern extremity had never been explored, much less surveyed, and that grave doubts existed as to the correctness of the existing map of both the Indian and Turkestan versants. In recognition of his splendid services to exploration and science, including his latest expedition of 1913-1914, both the Royal Geographical Society, London, and the Royal Italian Geographical Society conferred their gold medals upon him, while the British Government made him Hon. K.C.I.E. During the Great War, when he served in the Italian army as Major, and later as Lt.-Colonel, of the Medical Service, he came to England and Scotland and lectured on the Alpine campaign of the Isonzo chain and valley with an exhibition of imposing panoramic photo-views. More especially in London, he has been a well-known figure in geographical and Alpinistic circles for the last twenty years. 2

The name "Remo" introduced by Johnson in 1864 and since then used in the Indian ordnance map 1:1,000,000 has been replaced by De Filippi's more correct phonetic spelling “Rimu,” which has also been approved by Dr. Longstaff and adopted by the Royal Geographical Society. The meaning of Rimu is "streaks" or "bands" in reference to the dark moraines of the glaciers.

Sir Filippo now resides at Settignano near Florence, whence he directs the publication of the scientific records of the expedition.

II. ORGANISATION OF THE EXPEDITION.

After elaborating his plan of the expedition, which was to occupy about eighteen months, and completing his estimate of the cost, Sir Filippo appealed to the leading geographical and scientific institutions of Italy, Great Britain, the Continent, and the United States for subscriptions, with the result that, including those of private well-wishers, the King of Italy, and a considerable quota ex proprio, he collected with relative case the requisite total sum, together with valuable and generous contributions of surveying, photographic, and other instruments, and of specially welcome medical and hospital appliances and bedding. Sír Filippo's plan was warmly approved by the Italian and the British as well as by the Indian Government, the last placing at his disposal the services of Major (now Lt.-Colonel) Henry Wood of the Trigonometrical Survey, who had already accompanied Sir Francis Younghusband's expedition to Lhasa in 1896. The same Government further assigned to the expedition two experienced Indian surveyors, Jamna Prasad and Shib Lal, of the famous contingent of Pandits or expert native topographers. The expedition was composed as follows:

Sir Filippo De Filippi, leader; Naval Captain Prof. A. Alessio, second in command. Surveying Section: Comm. Alessio and Prof. G. Abetti, astronomers of Padua and Florence, Lt.-Colonel H. Wood, R.E., and J. A. Spranger, C.E. Geological, Geographical, and Anthropological Section: Prof. G. Dainelli and Prof. O. Marinelli. Meteorology and Radiation: Dr. C. Alessandri and Marchese N. V. Ginori. Photography: Major C. Antilli, Director of the Photo-Military Department of Florence. As Alpine guide, Sir Filippo chose the famous Val d'Aosta guide, Giuseppe Petigax, who had already accompanied all the Duke of the Abruzzi's expeditions. On the De Filippi expedition he proved invaluable not only on the line of march, but in overcoming the difficulties of transport and travel on the passes and on the Karakoram glaciers. The expedition thus included eleven Europeans, of whom Sir Filippo with Petigax and five others left Italy in the summer of 1913, and the other five joined the expedition at Leh (Ladak) in the spring of 1914.

III. PROGRESS OF THE EXPEDITION.

The first contingent arrived at Bombay by the P. and O. steamer Arabia on August 20th. From here Sir Filippo travelled to Simla to thank the then Viceroy, Lord Hardinge, for his and his Government's generous support, while the members of the surveying and allied sections went to Dehra Dun and Lahore to make with the respective departments the necessary geodetic, radiographic, and meteorological arrangements. The united contingent then travelled from Rawal Pindi to Srinagar, Kashmir, where it arrived on August 30th and stayed three weeks for caravan preparations and glacial, geological, and other scientific investigations.

The caravan route across Transhimalaya has been already described by the present writer in the Magazine of November 19241; suffice it therefore to summarise the progress of the expedition as follows: The caravan left Srinagar on September 21st, crossed the Zoji-la, and, after several halts at Dras, Karmang, and Tolti, reached Skardo on October

25th. Here it formed its winter quarters in the available Government bungalows and serais, and, after ten weeks of constant field work, left for Kargil, the Namika-la, Fotu-la, and Kalatzè, reaching Leh on March 2nd, 1914. Here it was joined by the second European contingent, and,

1 The map (Fig. 1) in the present article is repeated from the Magazine of November 1924, p. 312. For corrected altitudes see the itinerary in the present article.