chase a quantity of slaves from the petty chiefs, and afterwards exchange them for ivory with other tribes.

In some of his later journeys Magyar again visited the Lobal country. Some slaves whom he had purchased on his first visit accompanied him, but not one of them attempted to desert and remain in his native land. He describes one of the chiefs, named Kinjama, as a man more than a hundred years old, who received him. with the greatest kindness. A strong contrast to him is another chief named the Parroquet, in the eastern part of the country, who is famous for his cruelty and his exactions upon travellers. The result was that the caravans, whenever it was possible, made a wide détour rather than pass through his territory.

Magyar took a south-western course through Lobal, and entered the Buunda region, passing ita capital, Kissembo. Here he again struck the Olowihenda forests, which he crossed in a westerly direction, and returned to his residence in Bihe. For four or five years he seems to have made an extensive caravan journey every year, and to have followed his original plan of penetrating gradually further towards the east and south. Unfortunately, he has given us no detailed account of any of these journeys, the extent and character of which we can only conjecture from his fragmentary notes. The year after his return from the Moluwa kingdom, he made a journey to the country of the Kilengues, lying further to the south, and the year afterwards (1853) he claims to have reached the Kunene River, which was sought for so persistently by Anderson and Green, and to have explored a considerable portion of its course.

During this journey he visited the Portuguese "Presidio de Caconda," of which he gives a curious account. It lies far in the interior, not far from the head-waters of the Kunene River, and contains about 3,000 inhabitants. The fort and town are surrounded with walls of earth, and palisades, and defended by eight cannon, but the garrison consists of only a single company of negro soldiers, under the command of the Governor. Formerly there was an important trade between this point and the coast, but with the breaking up of the traffic in slaves it has fallen off. The climate is comparatively cool and healthy, whence the Portuguese traders who once settled here, took negro wives, and produced a race of mulattoes who still inhabit the place.

On his return from this southern journey, Magyar's caravan was attacked by a band of robbers, in the forests of Lusseke. After a prolonged fight, the enemy was driven off with considerable loss. He relates, however, that these predatory bands sometimes embrace whole tribes, and number from fifteen to twenty thousand fighting men. In such cases, they are irresistible; they burst upon the territories of weaker tribes, slay, lay waste and capture as they proceed, and leave a desert behind them.

We can only guess from Magyar's further notes that he remained upon his possessions in Bihe in 1854. But the next year he started again, crossed the Olowihenda wilderness, and reached the country of Lobal. How far his explorations extended cannot be ascertained. On his return he was again attacked by a large body of the natives, and only succeeded in repel

ling them, after a hard fight which lasted several hours. The supply of powder was thereby so reduced that the caravan was obliged to return to Bihe by forced marches.

In 1856 he undertook to revisit Benguela, since it was in this year that the Donna Isabel, whom he met during his inland journey in 1849, rescued him from death; but in what manner we are not informed. His death must have occurred about this time, or soon afterwards, and thus some of the most important geographical questions, upon which he might have thrown a great deal of light, are left unsolved. What information he has given, however, bears the stamp of truth. His system of exploration was bold, intelligent and successful; he, no less than Livingstone, has shown how much courage and an unflinching determination will accomplish.

CHAPTER XVI.

LIVINGSTONE'S EXPEDITION TO LAKE NYASSA.

IVINGSTONE'S narrative of his journey across the African continent, published in 1857, excited the greatest interest throughout the civilized world. The importance of his discoveries was everywhere recognized, and his own determination to undertake a new journey of exploration met with a hearty support from the English Government and the Royal Geographical Society, as well as from private individuals. object of this second expedition was to ascertain whether the Zambesi River was navigable to a point near the Makololo country, and to penetrate the regions north of that river, so as to connect Livingstone's discoveries with those of Burton and Speke, in Equatorial Africa.

The

The Earl of Clarendon, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, united with the Geographical Society in providing for the outfit of the expedition, and Dr. Livingstone was joined by his brother, the Rev. Charles Livingstone, who had been living as a clergyman in Massachusetts for some years, by Dr. Kirk, an accomplished botanist, and Mr. Thornton, who, however, left the party soon after their arrival in the Zambesi country, and joined Baron Van der Decker in his attempt to reach the mountain Kilimandjaro. The supplies were

procured with especial reference to the regions to be traversed, and everything was done which promised to insure success in advance.

The expedition left England on the 10th of March, 1858, in the steamer Pearl, and, proceeding by the way of the Cape of Good Hope, reached the mouth of the Zambesi River in May. The navigation of this river, both as a highway for commerce and means for the christianization of Africa, was Livingstone's first object, and if he was finally disappointed therein, the results of his undertaking are none the less important in a geographical point of view. He brought with him a smaller steamer, in sections, which were then put together and launched, under the name of the MaRobert (mother of Robert),--a name which was given by the Makololo to Mrs. Livingstone, when she accompanied him on the first journey to Lake Ngami.

On reaching Mazaro, where the delta of the Zamıbesi begins and its arms branch off towards the sea, Livingstone found the Portuguese at war with a halfbreed who had forcibly taken possession of the northern bank of the river as far as the Shire, and plundered at will.

A battle, of which he was a spectator, took place at Mazaro, but it fortunately ended in the defeat of the native chief, and he was able to go forward with safety. The steamer, driven by the heat of burned ebony and lignum vitæ, slowly ascended the river, passed Shupanga, which was to be the grave of Mrs. Livingstone three years later, and reached the mouth of the Shire. Here, however, no halt was made: Livingstone pushed on with difficulty, on account of the