Lodi, by Gros; the marble bust of the Empress Josephine, by Canova; the busts of Queen Hortense and of her son Napoleon, who died in Italy; of Prince Eugène, a Mercury, a Venus di' Medici in Carrara ; marble, all of which have been sent to Paris. For all that, a visit to this historic spot is well worth the time expended on it. In the hall we are welcomed by six portraits of Egyptian sheiks, who paid visits to the Emperor Napoleon I. In the reception-room we see the full-length portrait of Queen Hortense by Cottreau, who lived many years at Arenenberg, taken in a most peculiar light-moon and lamp light mingled. On the opposite wall hangs a portrait of the prince by the same artist, leading his Andalusian barb through the snow to the château; and on the remaining walls the portraits of Joseph Bonaparte, of Eugène Beauharnois and three of his children, as well as likenesses of Hortense's two youngest children. In the library are full-length portraits of the Empress Josephine, of General Beauharnois, of Count Tascher de la Pagerie, of Murat, &c. A winding staircase leads to the queen's death-bed room on the first floor, which has been already described. Admission to it can only be obtained by a card procured from the administrator, who resides at Tägerweilen. The walls are covered with damask paper, white flowers on a yellow ground. The furniture, consisting of two commodes with gilt ornaments, and a large bouquet painted on porcelain, arouses a melancholy feeling in the visitor, as the pair once belonged to the unfortunate consort of Louis XVI. A Praying Woman, by Mademoiselle Marie Ellenrieder of Constance, and a picture representing the present Emperor Napoleon and his elder brother as cherubim, complete the decoration of the little room. The bed, standing in an alcove, is the one in which the queen died. In the adjoining cabinet we gaze on the portrait of the Empress Josephine looking out upon a magnificent landscape, and a portrait of the amiable Madame de Broe, painted by Hortense herself. This lady perished in the sight of the queen on June 10, 1813, when they were visiting the waterfall of Gresy, in Savoy, where she slipped in and was drowned. The emperor had an alabaster monument of his mother placed in the chapel of Arenenberg, which was sculptured by Bartolini of Florence in 1845. Hortense is represented in a kneeling posture, with her hands folded in prayer. The chapel, small though it is, arouses a feeling of devotion and elevation of mind, blended, however, with a certain gentle melancholy, which, indeed, floats round the entire building. CANADA IN 1865. PHYSICAL, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL. ALTHOUGH the British North American Provinces have not made that very rapid advance in population and material wealth and prosperity of which some of the Australian colonies can boast, yet, when they are compared with what they were half a century ago, their progress appears truly wonderful. Canada, in size and political importance, takes the lead. When it first came into the possession of Great Britain, the inhabited portion consisted of little more than a narrow strip of country along the banks of the St. Lawrence, from within a few miles below Quebec to La Chine, a short distance above Montreal. There were isolated forts and fur-trading posts scattered sparsely in the district now called Upper Canada, even as far as Lake Huron. Jesuit missionaries had even erected a fort on an island in that lake, and there were probably other posts in the neighbourhood formed by members of the same zealous fraternity, long since in ruins. Nothing, however, like colonisation extended westward of Montreal. Now, let us take a glance of the districts of which Canada consists at this present year of our Lord 1865. We will begin on the seaboard or north-east extremity, and sail up the mighty St. Lawrence and through the great lakes to the farther end of Lake Superior, a distance not much short of two thousand miles-indeed, a vessel built at Fort William on that lake has to plough that number of miles of water before she is fairly afloat on the ocean. Taking our departure from the west end of the island of Anticosti, we have to the south of us, or on our left hand, the district of Gaspè, with the bay of that name on its extreme eastern end. This forms a portion of the peninsula of Lower Canada, bounded on the north by the Bay of Chaleur and the River Restigouche, which separates it from New Brunswick. A considerable number of townships have been formed in it of late years, both on its northern and southern shores, and colonisation roads have been laid out in many directions, greatly advancing settlement. Colonisation roads, which are now being formed in the hitherto unsettled districts in all parts of Canada, are simply cuttings through the forest, made tolerably practicable for wheeled vehicles; bridges are thrown over streams and marshes covered with codroy-that is, trunks of trees cleaned of branches are laid diagonally across the road. Oссаsionally planks are placed on the top. They are then called plank roads. The name of Gaspesia has been given to the peninsula, which contains the counties of Gaspè and Buonaventura. The inhabitants have, till of late years, been engaged chiefly in fishing, but the new settlers are turn VOL. LVIII. I ing their attention to agricultural pursuits. Its progress will be very greatly advanced by the construction of the intercolonial railway, which, on leaving New Brunswick, will pass through its southern end. On the northern shore of the St. Lawrence we shall pass along the county of Saguenay, where few settlers are as yet to be seen; but we shall find some magnificent salmon rivers teeming with fish, and heretofore much frequented by enterprising fishermen from the States-a privilege they will lose by the abrogation of the reciprocity treaty. To these rivers lovers of salmon fishing from Quebec and elsewhere come down in yachts and other vessels during the summer, supplied with tents and provisions, and spend weeks at a time-sure of obtaining a fair amount of sport. The county runs along the banks of the river for a hundred and fifty miles or more, and at its southern end we come to the mouth of the superb River Saguenay, about a hundred and forty miles below Quebec. The scenery of its banks is highly picturesque. Its length is a hundred and twenty miles, and it varies in width from a mile to two miles, and on either side rise perpendicular cliffs of granite, from eight to fifteen hundred feet high, appearing to bend over the deep stream which reflects their image on its bosom. It is said to be the deepest river in the world. What is of far more importance than its beauty or its depth is, that it affords water communication (with a break caused by some inconvenient rapids) to a fertile district round the shores of Lake St. John, out of which it falls. Upwards of ten thousand settlers, chiefly Roman Catholics, have lately established themselves in this district, known as the county of Chicoutimi. As the settlers would in winter be cut off from all communication with the rest of the province, the government have opened up a colonisation road between the settlements and Quebec a hundred miles in length. Free grants of land on either side of it, said to be very fertile, are made to settlers, and the climate, though it is so far to the north, is scarcely as severe as that of Quebec, while on the shores of Lake St. John it is considerably milder. The whole north shore, from the mouth of the river up to Quebec, is of a mountainous and broken character. Sometimes the ranges approach close to the river, the precipices rising, as it were, out of it; at other times they recede, leaving intervening level spaces always carefully cultivated-oftentimes terraces and platforms appear, on which, in a sheltered nook, the hardy habitant has pitched his cottage, surrounded by a garden and a field or two of limited extent. The views, as we near Quebec, are of exceeding beauty, varied by the passing clouds and the different effects of light and shade as the sun changes his position. Precipices, waterfalls, lofty rugged crags or rounded hills, covered with forest trees, deep valleys running up among the mountains, of which range beyond range are seen growing more and more blue and indistinct in the distance, with cultivated patches and whitewashed cottages, and here and there a church tower, and the house of the curé, are objects conspicuous among the many varied features of the scenery. This is the only truly mountainous part of Canada, till the farther extremity of the province is reached on the north-western shores of Lake Superior. In that latter district, though highly picturesque, it is grand rather in comparison with the intermediate country, the higher parts of which only deserve to be called hilly. Still there is no lack of very beautiful scenery in all parts of Canada. Lakes, rivers, and forests; wood-covered and rocky islands, rising out of calm blue water; ranges of blue hills in the distance or near heights, either sloping or precipitous, bare or covered with trees; waterfalls and rapids, and shores fringed with pine and birch-in every possible variety of combination, make up the Canadian landscape, varied in autumn by the gorgeous tints which the early frosts cast over the forests and river banks, and in winter by the mantle of snow thrown over the whole face of nature. But we must not dwell longer on the oft-described scenery of Canada. We were drawn away from our main subject by the beauty of the Saguenay. A few miles up on the opposite or southern shore we come to the River du Loup, where the present railway system of Canada commences. The line runs parallel with the river for upwards of a hundred miles, when it diverges inland till it reaches the Chaudière River, rather above Quebec, on the shore opposite that city. The shore directly opposite Quebec is called Point Levi, and here the railway, a part of the Grand Trunk, commences between that city and Montreal, meeting the River du Loup line at the Chaudière, and running in a somewhat circuitous course through the eastern townships for about two hundred miles to Montreal, the St. Lawrence being spanned by the far-famed Victoria Tubular Bridge. The total span of the arches by which the tube is supported is 6168 feet, besides piers on either side running into the river, each about half a mile long. The span of the centre arch is 360 feetthere are twenty-five in all-the span of the rest being 242 feet. The iron tube is 25 feet high, and 18 feet wide. The piers are of solid masonry. The chief difficulty was to erect them of strength sufficient to resist the enormous pressure of the ice which the breaking up of the frost brings down on them from the Ottawa and upper waters of the St. Lawrence. This has been accomplished, and they are capable of resisting a pressure of seventy thousand tons of ice. Two other lines of railway strike southward towards the States, but the Grand Trunk bids farewell at Montreal to the south bank of the St. Lawrence, and proceeds on parallel with its north shore, and with that of Lake Ontario, through Prescott and Kingston to Toronto. Another line strikes south from Richmond in the centre of the eastern townships, and joins Quebec and Portland, which latter place in the winter may be looked on as the port of Canada, and would be a very important one did it not happen to belong to the United States. A little more knowledge of geography would have induced our diplomatists, when settling the boundary question, to have secured the state of Maine as a seaboard for Canada with so important a harbour as Portland, and, though the inhabitants of Maine would undoubtedly like to belong to Canada, with its light taxes and free government, the opportunity for bringing about such an arrangement has passed, nor is it likely ever to return. The districts we have as yet described are inhabited chiefly by the French race, but that is not the case with regard to the Eastern townships, where the greater part of the population is Anglo-Saxon, though along the bank of the river, and in some direction in the interior, the French have also formed villages, their priests or monks, of various orders, being frequently their pioneers. It contains a number of counties, and comprises all the territory, which extends from the county of Bellechasse, south of the St. Lawrence, along the American frontier, to the shore of Lake Champlain, in shape a somewhat irregular oval. It is the most fertile part of Lower Canada, and the recent discovery of rich mines of copper and other ores, which are already worked on a large scale, will attract capital from abroad, and, at the same time, favour the progress of colonisation. There are already several considerable towns and large villages in the district, and the government are opening up colonisation roads in various directions, the lands near which are quickly taken up. Once upon a time it was the policy of government to keep this thick belt of country free from settlement, that a barren land might intervene between Canada and the United States, but a wiser system now prevails, and it is considered that the brave hearts and strong arms of loyal and contented colonists will prove more powerful impediments to the advance of an invading army than trackless forests, marshes, or wild heaths and hills. Gold in considerable quantities has been found on the Chaudière river opposite Quebec, and fair profits have been made by those engaged in mining operations. Before leaving the scenery of the Lower Province, we must mention the falls of Shawenegan. They are formed by the River Shawenegan, which rushes over a cliff two hundred feet in height into the St. Maurice, some distance above the town of Trois Rivières. A rich iron mine exists near the banks of the river above the town. The ore, equal to the best Swedish, is abundant. A large foundry has been established here, at which implements and machinery of all kinds are manufactured. A vast quantity of timber, cut on the banks of the Upper St. Maurice and its tributaries, is brought down it to the St. Lawrence, and sent on into the United States through the Richelieu river and canal. The St. Maurice is, indeed, a very important river. It communicates on one hand, by a series of lakes and streams, with the Ottawa, and on the other, by similar means with certain portages, with Lake St. John. The government are also forming a direct road, about seventy-five miles in length, between its banks and that lake. We passed Quebec without due notice. Its well-known appearance, rising from the water's edge up a steep hill, with its frowning fortress on the summit, scarcely needs description. For some years past it has been the seat of government, which will, however, probably soon be removed to Ottawa, which is to become the permanent capital of Canada. It is also the chief mart of the timber trade, and ships of very considerable burden are built in its yards at the mouth of the St. Charles river. Its population, including the troops in garrison, does not this year fall far short of sixty thousand. The population of nearly all the towns of Canada has greatly increased in the last fifteen years. Quebec in 1851 had only forty thousand inhabitants, and in 1861 fifty-one thousand. The small town of Sherbrooke, which in 1851 had but one thousand, in 1861 numbered six thousand. Montreal, which may be looked upon from its position as the commercial capital, has made still greater strides. In 1851 it contained rather over fifty thousand, and in 1861 fully ninety thousand inhabitants, and it is said now to contain not less than one hundred and ten thousand, so that in fourteen years it has doubled its |