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CHAPTER V. Of Slavery.
§ 1. Slavery considered in relation to the slaves,
2. - in relation to production,
3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the
slave-owners,
CHAPTER VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.
§ 1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respect-
ing peasant properties,
§ 1. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry,
PAGE
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330
334
340
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370
CHAPTER VIII. Of Metayers.
§ 1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties,
2. Its advantages and inconveniences,
3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries,
4. Is its abolition desirable?
CHAPTER IX. Of Cottiers.
§ 1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure,
2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nomi-
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381
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396
nal rents,
399
3.
which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or re-
straint on population,
402
4. Ryot tenancy of India,
404
CHAPTER X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy.
§1. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors,
2. Inapplicability of this advice to present circumstances,
CHAPTER XI. Of Wages.
§1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labour-in other
words, on population and capital,
2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages,
3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply re-
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417
+
420
421
6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labour-
ing class,
437
CHAPTER XII. Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.
§ 1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee of
X
employment,
442
2. - would require as a condition, legal measures for repres-
sion of population,
444
3. Allowances in aid of wages, .
449
4. The Allotment System,
451
CHAPTER XIII. The Remedies for Low Wages further
considered.
§1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of pop-
ulation,
457
2. Grounds for expecting improvement,
460
3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the labouring peo-
ple: by education,
466
4.- and by large measures of immediate relief, through for-
eign and home colonization,
467
CHAPTER XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in
different Employments.
§1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of attrac-
tiveness in different employments,
2. Differences arising from natural monopolies,
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477
3. Effect on wages of a class of subsidized competitors,
482
4.
of the competition of persons with independent means of
support,
485
489
.
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492
5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men,
6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and from
combinations,
7. Cases in which wages are fixed by custom,
CHAPTER XV. Of Profits.
§ 1. Profits resolvable into three parts; interest, insurance, and
wages of superintendence,
495
2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is
liable,
498
3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particu-
lar employment,
500
4. General tendency of profits to an equality,
502
5. Profits do not depend on prices, nor on purchase and sale,
6. The advances of the capitalist consist ultimately in wages of
508
labour,
510
7. The rate of profit depends on the Cost of Labour,
512
CHAPTER XVI. Of Rent.
§1. Rent the effect of a natural monopoly, .
:
2. No land can pay rent except land of such quality or situa-
tion, as exists in less quantity than the demand,
3. The rent of land consists of the excess of its return above
the return to the worst land in cultivation,
or to the capital employed in the least advantageous cir-
cumstances,
5. Is payment for capital sunk in the soil, rent, or profit?
6. Rent does not enter into the cost of production of agricul-
tural produce,
BOOK III.
EXCHANGE.
CHAPTER I. Of Value.
§1. Preliminary remarks,
2. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price,
3. What is meant by general purchasing power,
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519
521
525
531
535
537
538
4. Value a relative term. A general rise or fall of Values a
contradiction,
540
541
5. The laws of Value, how modified in their application to
retail transactions,
CHAPTER II. Of Demand and Supply, in their
relation to Value.
§1. Two conditions of Value: Utility, and Difficulty of Attain-
4. Law of their value, the Equation of Demand and Supply,
549
5. Miscellaneous cases falling under this law,
552
CHAPTER III. Of Cost of Production, in its relation
to Value.
§ 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite multiplica-
tion without increase of cost. Law of their Value, Cost
of Production,
555
2.- operating through potential, but not actual, alterations of
supply,
557
CHAPTER IV. Ultimate Analysis of Cost of Production.
§1. Principal element in Cost of Production-Quantity of La-
bour,
562
2. Wages not an element in Cost of Production,
564
except in so far as they vary from employment to employ-
ment,
566
4. Profits an element in Cost of Production, in so far as they
vary from employment to employment,
568
5. - or are spread over unequal lengths of time,
569
6. Occasional elements in Cost of Production: taxes, and
scarcity value of materials,
573
CHAPTER V. Of Rent, in its Relation to Value.
§1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite multiplica- tion, but not without increase of cost. Law of their
Value, Cost of Production in the most unfavourable exist-
ing circumstances,
577
2. Such commodities, when produced in circumstances more fa-
vourable, yield a rent equal to the difference of cost,
3. Rent of mines and fisheries, and ground-rent of buildings,
4. Cases of extra profit analogous to rent,
CHAPTER VI. Summary of the Theory of Value.
§ 1. The theory of Value recapitulated in a series of proposi-
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583
585
tions,.
588
2. How modified by the case of labourers cultivating for sub-
Substance of three articles in the Morning Chronicle of 11th,
13th, and 16th January, 1847, in reply to MM. Mounier
and Rubichon and to the Quarterly Review, on the Sub-
division of Landed Property in France,
597