accounts, soon after the settlement was formed there, stated that the natives crowded round the colony, both for education and for trade, and that the beneficial effect upon them in inducing them to quit slave trading, was instantaneous. That effect has been continued, and has extended in the neighborhood of Sierra Leone to a very considerable distance round the colony. Traders bring down ivory, gold-dust, and palm oil as usual. Of late years a very important branch has been added to the legal trade for the cutting of timber for the British Navy, &c. &c.

The river Gambia presents itself next. "In the year 1814," says Mr. Bandinel, " a colony was formed at St. Mary's on this river. This colony has increased and flourished beyond all reasonable calculation, and is already more powerful and wealthy than any of those older settlements of the British in Africa, which were formed for the purpose of promoting the Slave Trade."" The beneficial effects of this settlement at St. Mary's on all the tribes along the banks of the Gambia, are perhaps still more prominent than those which have taken place round Sierra Leone."

In the year 1833, a mission in connection with the Wesleyan Society was established at MacCarthy's island. "Before the abolition of the Slave Trade," says the Rev. Mr. Macbriar, “there were considerable factories here, but now that the slave market is abolished, and the natives can find a ready market for the produce of their lands by means of the British merchants, the cultivation of the soil increases every year; and the aborigines have been heard to say, that they now wish they had their slaves back again, be cause they could get more by their labor than they did by selling them to Europeans."

Let us add another of your proofs. The Rev. J. Morgan, to whom the Foulah mission in the same river partly owes its origin, recommends the purchase of tracts of land adjoining the principal rivers. He says, "that thousands would flee to such places of refuge as soon as they could be assured of protection, and thus a dense free population would soon spring up, and commerce would rapidly extend." I myself am connected by subscription with a settlement in this river, and the accounts from thence, which I see yearly, are full of the anxious desire manifested by the natives on the banks of it, to be under our protection, and to cultivate their lands in peace, and to be civilized and Christianized.

We come now to the Gold Coast. In no part of Africa, says the Governor, M'Lean, was the Slave Trade more firmly rooted, or more systematically carried on than in these settlements." "But a great change has taken place since its abolition. The soil, which formerly did not yield sufficient for the sustenance of the inhabitants, now affords to export a very large amount of corn to Madeira," "besides greatly increased quantities of gold-dust and ivory." "The exports to Great Britain amount to £160,000 per annum." Formerly " the whole country was one scene of oppression, cruelty, and disorder, so that a trader dared not go twenty miles into the bush. At present our communication with the interior is as free and safe as between England and Scotland." Add to this the statement, that " several hundreds of the natives, through the labors of the Wesleyan missionaries, have embraced the truths of Christianity."

Having now made a few quotations from what you have advanced relative to our own colonies on the continent of Africa, let us quote from what you have said relative to other parts of the same continent which are not in our possession. The first of these which presents itself in the order of location upon that coast, is the country in the neighborhood of the Senegal. The natives having had reason to suppose that it was the intention of the British Government, when they took possession of this river, to abolish the Slave Trade as far as their new dominions extended, were filled with joy. "Seeing no probability of any further Slave Trade," says Mr. Rendall, who was a resident of St. Louis, in the Senegal, from 1813 to 1817, "they bethought themselves to turn their attention to agriculture, and all disposable tracts of land were in consequence to be found in a state of cultivation. The inhabitants passed from one village to another without fear or protective weapons, and contentment seemed to reign not only in the countenances, but in the humble huts of the inhabitants." This account of Mr. Rendall is very short. It is a pity that he did not dwell more largely, as he might have done, on the extraordinary industry, which this belief of the abolition excited; on the great quantity of land put in cultivation for miles along the banks of the Senegal, and on the markets which the people had opened for themselves. I had an account of these particulars, as they occurred, from persons at Fort St. Louis, myself, and had occasion afterwards to transmit them to the Congress at Aix-la Chapelle, where I understood they were received and read.

The next place in order of location is the Island of Bulama, situated opposite to the country of Biafra, and not far from the great rivers Rio Grande and Nunez. Here Captain Beaver, at the close of the last century, attempted to form a colony. Two of the natives of the opposite continent soon crossed over to him, and though he told them " he could have no dealing inslaves," yet their report induced others to take service with him, and he never afterwards wanted grumettas or laborers. In one year he employed nearly two hundred of them. He never saw men work harder, more willingly, or regularly, generally speaking, than they did. And what induced them, says Captain Beaver, to do so? " Their desire of European commodities in my possession, of which they knew they would have the value of one bar at the end of the week, or four at the end of a month. Some of them remained at labor for months ere they left me. Others, after having left me, returned. They knew that the labor was constant, but they also knew that their reward was certain." To this account I may just add, that I knew Captain Beaver personally, and that I have heard these and other important statements from his own lips. He was a captain in the royal navy; and in private life he was most estimable, and a man of high moral character.

The last place in the same order, but some hundreds of miles further down the coast, which you quote, is the river Niger. Un. fortunately the gentlemen you mention have not been resident in the interior of this country, and therefore can only speak of what they saw and heard while navigating this immense river. "By this river," says Mr. Laird, "one hundred millions of people would be brought in direct contact with the civilized world, new and boundless markets would be opened to our manufactures, a continent teeming with inexhaustible fertility would yield her riches to our traders; not merely a nation, but hundreds of nations, would be awakened from the lethargy of centuries, and become useful and active members of the great commonwealth of man. kind." And what says Mr. Lander of the disposition of this vast population of the countries through which this river goes? "The natives," he says, "only require to know what is wanted from them, and to be shown what they will have in return, and much produce that is now lost by neglect, will be returned to a considerable amount." But the most important evidence which you have cited for this part of the country is Colonel Nicholls. He tells us, that from his long experience in these and other parts of Africa, "there is one means, and he is persuaded but one effectual means, of destroying the Slave Trade, which is by introducing a liberal and well regulated system of commerce on the coast of Africa." He then gives us the substance of a conversation with one of the native chiefs on this subject, in which he convinced him of the folly of trading in the bodies of the inhabitants in comparison with trading in the productions of the soil, so that this chief gave up the Slave Trade: and says, "I feel convinced that I could influence all the chiefs along the coast in the same manner: but to be able to effect this, it would be necessary to have the means of moving with a degree of celerity that a steam-vessel alone would give us." "Steam-boats would also be of incalculable use to commerce, by towing ships over bars and agitated currents, whilst, as a means of catching the Slave-ships, and protecting the coast from the de predations of their crews, three steamers would effect more than the expensive squadron now maintained there. I pledge myself to put an end to the whole of our expense, and totally to suppress the Slave Trade, in two years." O, how I wish that Colonel Nicholls could be sent again to Africa for this purpose! He is the only man alive to effect it. I know him well. His whole heart and soul are in the project. Besides, he has an intimate knowledge of these seas and harbors, of Fernando Po, and what it can do towards the abolition of the Slave Trade; of the mouth of the Niger, and the great rivers falling into it; of some of the native chiefs personally, and of the manners, customs, disposition, and temper in general of the inhabitants of these parts.

But why should I go further into "The Remedy" you propose ? It would be a waste of words. It has already appeared probable, nay, more than probable, that if steamers were employed, and Fer. nando Po added to our possessions, the capture of the vessels con. cerned in the hateful traffic would be comparatively easy; that treaties might be made with the African chiefs, and several of them subsidized in our interest; and that the energies of the na. tives on that vast continent might be called forth in a new trade, in the productions of their soil, (which of itself would sap the foundation of the Slave Trade,) and that thousands and tens of thousands of these natives might be engaged in it. Again, you

have projected a large commercial and agricultural company, which should take off their produce, and supply their wants. What can you devise, and what can you desire more, to put down the Slave Trade and to civilize Africa? I hope then that you will not be so diffident as you appear to be relative to the success of your measures: if they do not succeed, none will. I have studied the subject for more than half a century, and I give it as my opinion that yours is the only plan that will answer. I cannot doubt that the Government would readily promote your views, if they were only persuaded that it was probable that the abolition of the Slave Trade would follow, and that a great part of the country, the moral and religious part of it, would be grateful, very grateful, to them for so doing. And now, my dear Friend, having read your little work twice over, and having formed my conclusions upon it, and finding these in unison with your own, I thought that you would be pleased with them; and thanking you, as every abolitionist must do, for the great labor you must have undergone in preparing your present plan, I remain, with great regard,

Your sincere and affectionate Friend,

THOMAS CLARKSON.

SIR,

APPENDIX E.

I mention how my time has been chiefly occupied, as an apology for my abreviated account of the matter you are inquiring about; however, thus much I can state and verify. When I was traveling between Der, the capital of Nubia and Epsambool, I met a slave ship descending the Nile, and as I wished to see what was going on in the vessel, I went on board to purchase some ostrich feathers. This was in March last, I cannot tell the exact date, as my journals are in Paris. There were 20 or 25 slaves, of ages between 10 and 16. There was one man about 30 chained to the bifurcated end of a long pole; his neck was enclosed by the two branches,