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$2500. In other words, the drainage system represented a cost of $44 an acre.

(3) Fertilizers. Nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash were supplied to the land in the form of commercial fertilizer. The quantity of commercial fertilizer used was reduced each year as the improvement of the farm fertility made its use less necessary. Some results of the scientific methods used are shown in the wheat yields, which were as follows:

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The potato yield showed an even more striking gain for the later years. The average potato yield for the first 9-year period was 132 bushels per acre; for the next 9-year period, 282 bushels per acre.

The Farm Income.-The increase in the farm income is as impressive as the increase in crop yields. The average annual receipts, for the first nine years, were $1094.40; the average income for the next nine years was $2786.33, an increase of 155 per cent. And while the income increased 155 per cent, the expenses increased but 102 per cent, thus exhibiting a striking case of increasing returns in agriculture. The author of the bulletin states, on this point:

"The profitableness of this farm may be measured in another way. The owner began with a debt of $3,000 and several hundred dollars on the equipment. All indebtedness had been paid. In addition, a tile drainage system costing $2500 has been put into operation on the farm. The farm, shop, and house equipments have been increased to the maximum of efficiency. These and other improvements have doubled the value of the farm and have left a considerable cash balance in the bank. All this must be credited to 18 years of good farming which may be called fairly successful financial management."

Conclusions. If one-half the farmers would employ the successful methods now used by the few best farmers, there would be no soil exhaustion problem for many years to come. If all farmers were to use the skill and science now used by a few farmers, there would be no soil exhaustion problem for many generations.

REFERENCES

QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT

1. Show that the food supply problem is a dual problem.

435

2. State the Malthusian ideas concerning poverty and poor relief. State the Malthusian theory of population (increases and checks).

3. What, according to Malthus, is the most powerful check on population in Europe?

4. Give Malthus's statement concerning United States population.

5. Criticize this statement of Malthus.

6. Is or is not the Malthusian theory of population correct?

7. What are the unknown factors to-day in population increases?

8. How many years have the fields of Japan and China been cultivated?

9. How is soil fertility maintained in these older regions?

10. State briefly the impending danger of a world wheat shortage, as announced by Sir William Crookes.

11. What is meant by soil fertility?

12. What are the three chief plant foods subtracted from the soil by cropping? 13. The average acre of soil in America contains how many pounds of each of these three?

14. An average wheat crop removes how many pounds of each of these three per acre?

15. State briefly the claims made by Liebig as to the meaning and danger of soil exhaustion.

16. How did the critics, especially Conrad, answer Liebig?

17. Where, according to Conrad, does agriculture reach its greatest perfection? 18. Summarize the conclusions on the soil exhaustion question.

19. What is meant by the Soil Destruction question? How are soils destroyed? 20. How serious is the question of soil destruction in the United States? 21. Which is the more fundamental problem, the soil or the man on the soil? Why?

22. Give an account of the English farm, showing how increasing returns were secured.

23. Give an account of the Martin farm, showing how the soil fertility problem was solved. Account for the increasing returns on this farm.

24. Summarize final conclusions as to soil exhaustion problem.

QUESTIONS SUGGESTED BY THE TEXT

1. Give the "Trench System" of restoring soil fertility as practised at Allahabad, India.

2. Describe the methods in use in Japan, Korea, and China for maintaining soil fertility.

3. Give the principal sources of commercial nitrogen; phosphorus; potash. 4. What is the outlook for the future supply of these three forms of plant food? 5. Cite examples that have come to your notice of "worn-out" land being restored to fertile condition by scientific farming.

6. Cite examples of fertile lands that have been reduced to "waste lands" by bad methods of treatment.

REFERENCES

1. MALTHUS, REV. T. R.: "An Essay on the Principle of Population," 7th edition. London, 1872.

2. KING, F. H.: "Physics of Agriculture."

3.

4.

: "The Soil."

"Farmers of Forty Centuries." Madison, Wisconsin, 1911.

5. ROBERTS, I. P.: "The Fertility of the Land." 1898.

6. LIPMAN, J. G.: "Bacteriology in Relation to Country Life." 1908.

7. WARREN, G. F.: "Elements of Agriculture." 13th edition, New York, 1913.

8. CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM: "The Wheat Problem-Based on Remarks Made in the Presidential Address to the British Association at Bristol in 1898." Revised. New York, 1900. Same, 3d Edition, with additional chapter. London and New York, 1917.

9. LIEBIG, JUSTUS: "Die Organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agrikultur, Chemie, und Physiologie," 1840.

10.

1862.

11.

12.

: "Die Chemische Prozess der Ernährung der Vegetabilien."

"Die Naturgesetze des Feldbaus, 1862.

66

'Agricultural Chemistry."

13. CONRAD, J. LIEBIG'S: "Ansicht von der Bodenerschöpfung und ihre Geschichtliche, Statistische und Nationalökonomische Begründung Kritisch Geprüft." Jena, 1864.

14. LYON, FIPPIN AND BUCKMAN: "Soils, Their Properties and Management." New York, 1915.

1915.

15. PARKER: "Field Management and Crop Rotation." St. Paul. 16. RUSSELL AND HASTINGS:

‘Agricultural Bacteriology." Madison,

17. STODDART, C. W.: "Chemistry of Agriculture." Philadelphia, 1915. 18. "Rothamsted Memoirs."

19. Bulletins: 1. "The Maintenance of Soil Fertility." A Quarter Century's Work with Manure and Fertilizers. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, April, 1919, Bulletin 336. 2. 'Commercial Fertilizers." United States Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 222. 3. “Lime and Clover." United States Department of Agriculture, Farmers Bulletin 237. 4. "Leguminous Crops for Green-manuring." United States Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin 278. 5. "Renovation of Worn-Out Soils." United States Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bulletin 245. 6. "Bulletins and Pamphlets issued (free) by Soil Improvement Committee of the National Fertilizer Association, Postal Telegraph Bulletin," Chicago, Ill. 7. “Bulletins of International Harvester Company of Chicago" (Agricultural Extension Department). A large number of bulletins pertaining to soils.

20. Yearbook-Department of Agriculture: 1912—CAMERON, FRANĘ K.: "Possible Source of Potash in the U. S.," 523-537. 1913-Davis, R. O. E.: "Economic Waste from Soil Erosion." 207-220. 1916-DANA, SAMUEL T.: "Farm, Forests and Erosion." 107-135. 1917-STINE, O. C.: "The World's Supply of Wheat," 461-481.

21. Spain "Problem of Provisioning and the Policy with Regard to the Food Supply." International Review of Agricultural Economics, July, 1918, 585-603.

22. HOPKINS, CYRIL G.: "Effect of Soil Depletion and Soil Enrichment on Loan Values of Farms." Address delivered at Ninth Annual meeting of Life Insurance Presidents, New York, Dec. 10, 1915. (Betterment of Life Insurance Series.)

Abattoirs, municipal, 388

INDEX

Acre considered standard unit. 251
Act, Adams (1906), 323

Hatch (1887), 323

Hepburn, 356

Morrill (1862), 323
Smith-Lever (1914), 323

Federal funds available
under, 336

vocational education of 1917, 324
Adams, A. B., on Perishable Farm
Product Risks, 147

Adams, H. B., History of Coöperation
in the United States, 173
Agricultural advertising to create
demand, 246

colleges, State, Federal appropri-
ations, 325

conditions, Congressional inves-
tigation of (1898), 27
facing the United States, 411
in England and United

States similar, 97

in Great Britain and Ire-
land, 34

of Canada, similar to that
of United States, 13
depression, causes and remedies,
26, 27

education, five Federal laws deal-
ing with, 322

employment agencies, private,
104

exports, value of, 5

industry, unorganized, 12, 13
labor, chapter on, 96

seasonal nature of, 98
transportation and distri-
bution problem, 106
unorganized movement, 104
land, area of, in various coun-
tries, 421

of United States, 7
machinery, improved, benefits of,
116

and the trust question,
chapter on, 115
industry more "capitalis-
tic," 115

press and scientific farming, 282
chapter on, 279

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evidenced by overproduc-
tion, 21

and labor, present theory of pro-
tection of, 405

Canadian Council of, 306
capital invested in, 5
capitalistic, 175

census reports (U. S.), 14
chart showing rank as an indus-
try, 2

commissioner of, in Louisiana,
135

coöperation in, 158

Department of, United States,
history of, 315

direct aid to, in Kansas, 313
effects of pests and diseases on, 19
English, economic revolution in,
409, 410

failure to coördinate supply and

demand in field of, 15

Federal Government aid to, 315
flourishes where government is
best, 431

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on, 409

manufacturing, commerce, chap-
ter on, 1

New England, 401, 402
New York Agricultural Society
discussion on, 53

persons engaged in, proportion
of, shows a decline, 3
place of, in modern industrial
society, 14

primacy of, lost due to economic

evolution of our country, 1
profitable, meaning of, 30
publications on, cited, 112, 113
rank of, among our industries, 1
statistics on, 1-3
transition in, 28
unorganized industry, 15
value of product, 5

Yearbook, Department of, ar-
ticles on farming, 14

Aid, Federal, other forms of, 326

State, success of, 326
Alfalfa in Argentina, 415

Almonds, California, distribution, 147
American Federation of Labor, 305
Society of Equity, 311
Americans employed in cotton mills,
401

Anderson, B. M., Grain Speculation,

276

Animal industry, bureau of, 317
Animals, maladies affecting, 1915
report on, by Secretary of Agricul-
ture, 23

Arable land in United States, 14
Argentina grain producer's need, 363
Armour, J. O., The Packers, 224, 389
Atkeson, T. C., History of the Grange,
309

on marketing, 311
Australia, a country of large hold-
ings, 38

"Banker-Farmer," the, 159
Banks, joint stock land, 182
Bargaining, collective, 153, 231, 241,
308

Barley, cost of producing, per acre,
260

price ranges, 278

Barron, John H., 432

Beans, loaded improperly, 193

Beef exports from the United States,
418

industry, report on, 379
trade, Argentina's, 418
Benjamin, E. W., cited, 155
"Big Business," 228

Big farm versus small farm, question
of, 31

"Big Six," 379

extent of control by, 380
Binders, improvements in, 120
quality and price of, 120
Biological survey, bureau of, 320
Black, J. D., cited, 77

Bonanza farming, 43-45

Bonds, United States, fluctuations in,
278

Books (see Literature)

Brand, C. J., of the Bureau of Mar-
kets, 21

Bucket shop fight, 352, 354, 355
Budge, Wm., quoted, 44

Bureau of Corporations, report on
lumber industry, 10, 11

Burritt, M. C., on county farm
bureau, 332, 335

on successful farming, 432
Butter, cold storage record, 216
statistics on, 144

Wisconsin, marketing of, 145

Caffey, F. G., History of U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, 327
California Fruit Growers' Exchange,
report of, 41-43

Camp, Wm. R., and the Credit
Union, 171

Canada, agricultural condition sim-
ilar to that of United States, 13
Canadian Council of Agriculture,
305-307

achievements of, 306
aims of, 306

Cance, A. E.. Immigrant Rural Com-
munities, 109, 110, 112
Capitalism and agriculture, 55

"Back to the land" movement, chap- Capitalistic agriculture, 175

ter on, 31

Bailey, L. H., Testimony, 27

Carver, N., cited, 76

Cash renters, 64

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