capital is most attractive in America. So just is the remark of Mr. Arthur Young, "Give a man the secure possession of a bleak rock, and he will turn it into a garden; give him a nine years' lease of a garden, and he will convert it into a desert." The amount of land sales in the United States during ten years has averaged more than one million and a half sterling annually, whilst the raising the price of land in Australia contrary to the expressed opinion of all the governors and the colonies of New South Wales and Van Die men's Land, from 5s. to 17. per acre, has almost annie hilated the fund derived from the sale of land.obest Hence the United States, our rivals in the arts of peace, as they may become our enemies in time of war have for twenty years absorbed in foreign soil that emigration and capital which would have been, as will be shewn, thirty-fold as reproductive had it gone to our own possessions. And some idea of the amount of capital abstracted and amassed may be formed from the fact that between the 1st January 1846, and the 1st January 1847, the sums remitted to residents in Ireland, from friends emigrated to the United States, amounted to 160,0007. The Colonization Circular informs us that in twenty-two years 626,628 persons have gone to British North America, of whom more than half who land in New Brunswick, and many think the same proportion from Canada, or on the lowest calculation twenty-five per cent.; ie. 156,657 cross the frontier, and are to be added to 710,410, who have gone direct to the United States. Thus we are to take the number who have gone to the States at 867,000, as against 469,000, or, more properly, a million, as against 336,000 who remain in Canada; of 1,500,000 who in twenty-two years have emigrated, 800,000 have 'settled in the United States, more than fifty per cent. on the whole period; and of late years sixty-five per cent. of our whole emigration, with a vast amount of British capital, have settled in foreign North America. At present the regulations of the United States place a limit on the emigrants thither, and Canada, hitherto regarded as the only outlet for our population, is al ready over-stocked, and indignant at the multitudes landed in disease and destitution; while Australia is as clamorous for them. That during ten years, eight committees of the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales have successively urged the necessity of in creased immigration. In nine months of the year 1847, 240,000 souls, an amount equal to the entire population of the continent of New Holland--have landed on the other side of the Atlantic; while not 800 have gone to New South Wales. If the 800,000 who in twenty-two years have gone to the United States had settled in Australia, they would have consumed (at 77. 10s. per head) of British produce 6,000,000l. They have consumed on the average of the States 200,000l. The difference, therefore, caused by those persons who have emigrated to foreign powers, instead of colonizing British settlements, has been a loss to British manufacturers of 5,800,000l. e, In the United States, distant three thousand miles, the richest and most productive land can immediately be bought at the fixed price of a dollar per acre. In our own colonies, 16,000 miles hence, the lowest price at which Government will put up to auction the worst land is about five times that amount. We have chosen to make land dear where land is plentiful, and money cheap where money is scarce. mog ni zao bsgon odila This cause mainly reduced the fund from which emigration to Australia was to be paid, from 300,000%. in 1840 to a few hundreds in 1844 and it will ever deter agricultural capitalists from emigrating. The leases of grazing lands now granted in the colony have repaired to some extent the deficiency of the land sales, by supplying a fund from which the emigration of labourers may be resuscitated to a very limited extent. Hence the first step to be adopted for obtaining a sufficient fund for carrying out, in conjunction with private or parochial subscriptions, a comprehensive and effective system of colonization, appears to be the reduction of the present high and prohibitory price of waste land to a price which the capitalist can pay, and in sections of a less number of acres than now sold. Foreign states induce British emigrants and capital to locate abroad, while they cannot take root in our own plantations; and the British settler, unable to settle advantageously in British settlements, seeks in a foreign land those advantages, and confers those benefits, which are virtually refused him in his own. Hitherto the means available 4 for emigration being derived solely from colonial funds have been so small, and so uncertain, that, whether well or ill applied, they have been exhausted before numbers sufficient to afford (any sensible relief have been removed, and the usual objection raised against colonization as a means of relief, is its inadequacy to relieve; emigration is also carried on by fits and starts, alike regardless in point of time, and unequal in amount to the wants of the colonies, or the necessities of the mother countrybie dan alander A of a dy The immediate payment of scarcely more than two years' maintenance of the pauper, would defray his passage to a land where he would permanently benefit, instead of burdening, those he leaves behind. Still, with strange inconsistency, we continue to tax ourselves in England, and more heavily in Ireland, to foster an increasing pauperism...71 tiatzy barquil Hi If colonization be admitted as either a primary or auxiliary mode of relief, the question is, whither the labourer can be sent. To this the simple reply is, where he is most wanted, and where the sending him will be most profitable to all parties: to himself; to the land he leaves; and the land he goes to.: The distant voyage is more expensive in the first instance; and therefore the lower price may induce proprietors, seeking merely the clearance of their estates, to select the shortest passage as the cheapest. But government should have higher objects in view, and should encourage that colonization which is most beneficial at all times to all parties; and ultimately 1 the most economical. The original colonies of Eng! land (now a mighty empire) were social, were econos mical, were religious communities. The present expatriation from England is the reverse of all these ?– it is dissocial, uneconomical, irreligious, and only to be amended by a radical change. The accounts which have lately been received from North America, from the governor of Canada, and various other authorities, show, that the emigration thither has been what is justly termed a shovelling out" of the poor, and a transfer of misery from one side of the Atlantic to the other. How could it be otherwise, when 79,000, within six weeks in last spring, or 13,100 a week, 5,000 in one half-week, or 3,000 in one day, sailed from one port under the inspection of one agent? No wonder that Canada was flooded; that typhus fever, dysentery, and death, accompanied this misguided torrent ; and that all the warnings and prophecies were sadly veris fied by the fearful realities which ensued! orangjoni There is this practical distinction between emigra tion and colonization: Emigration is but a small portion of colonization; the former is shifting the scene of distress, the latter is the exchange of misery for comfort. The former is the consequence of send ing labour where it is not required; the latter is at! tained by sending it where it is most wanted. Thẹ numbers who have arrived in Canada have been as greatly too many, as those in New South Wales have been too few, for the requirements of the colony; and hence those may be in error who have thought that |