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accounted a species of crime. The same syste"matic prudence pervades every part of the "community, agricultural and commercial; and "thus the Dutch people are enabled to bear up "against the most formidable physical difficulties, "and to secure a larger amount of individual "comfort than probably exists in any other country."*

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The highly cultivated plains of Flanders afford striking evidence, of the effects of care and labour on a soil naturally sterile. The country is not, like Holland, actually below the level of the sea; yet it requires to be defended by broad and high dykes. The natural soil consists almost wholly of barren sand, and its great fertility is entirely the result of very skilful management, and the judicious application of various manures. "The commerce "and agriculture of Flanders grew together."..." By "the prosecution of spade husbandry, an indus"trious Fleming, with fifteen acres of good light "land, brings up his family in decent independence, "and in the course of his life accumulates sufficient

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means to put them in possession of a little farm "of their own. There are many small proprietors, "who have risen slowly by the labour of their own "hands; and their habitations shew, by the great

* M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary, art. Holland.

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care and neatness observed in every particular, "that an honest pride is felt in possessing this "reward of exertion."..." The farms on the Pays "de Waes, between Ghent and Antwerp, are cultivated with astonishing method and neatness; "and afford the most perfect specimens of field "culture on the principles of gardening. The soil "is artificial, and the result of centuries of systematic manuring, which has converted a แ barren sand into a rich black loamy mould."... "The extent of farms in Flanders and throughout "Belgium very rarely exceeds one hundred acres. "The number containing fifty acres is not great, "but those of twenty, fifteen, ten, and five acres, especially between ten and five, are very numer"ous."

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"The small farms between five and ten acres, “which abound in many parts of Belgium, have "much resemblance to the small holdings in Ire"land; but while the Irish cultivator exists in a "state of miserable privation of the common con"veniences of civilized life, the Belgian peasant"farmer enjoys, comparatively, a great degree of "comfort. His cottage is built substantially, with "an an upper floor for sleeping, and is kept in good repair: it has always a cellarage for the dairy,

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a store-room for the grain, an oven, an out-house "for potatoes, a roomy cattle stall, a piggery, and a

"loft for the poultry. The furniture is decent, the "bedding amply sufficient, and an air of comfort "and prosperity pervades the whole establishment. "The cows are supplied with straw to lie upon: "the dung and its drainings are carefully collected "in the tank, and a compost heap is accumulated "from every possible source. The premises are "kept extremely neat, with a constant observance of "the most rigid economy, industry, and regularity. “No member of the family is ever seen ragged or slovenly; but all are decently clothed, though it "be with the coarsest materials. The men universally work in linen canvass frocks, and both women and men wear wooden shoes. Rye bread " and milk principally constitute their diet. Mashed potatoes and onions, with occasionally slices of 66 bacon, are the usual articles for dinner. The great superiority of the Belgian over the Irish

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peasant-farmer is owing, not to any advantages "of soil or climate, but to a better system of culti"vation, and especially to established habits of "sobriety, forethought, and prudent economy."

The superiority of Belgian cultivation is, no doubt, owing to the superior frugality and industry of the people; but to what is this superior industry to be attributed? It is vain to speak of race or

* M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary, art. Belgium.

religion. Both profess the same creed. The real cause is evident—that the industrious and prudent Flemish peasant tills his own ground, secure that every penny he expends on it, every hour's labour he devotes to it, increases the value of his own undoubted property; while the Irish tenant occupies the ground of another. He is idle and improvident, because he has no security that he will be permitted to reap the fruits of his exertions. He is a mere tenant-at-will, liable to be turned out at the caprice of the lord of the soil. He has in many cases good reason to fear, that any improvement of the property will be followed by an increase of rent. How could industry be expected under such circumstances?

But it is not necessary to leave our own country for a striking illustration of the point we have endeavoured to establish. The following interesting statement has been communicated to the author, by a friend who is personally acquainted with the locality described. It shows that the possession of property in land, produces the same effects in Ireland as in other countries, even with all the disadvantages which must result from a tenure by mere right of possession, without the facility of sale to another:

"Within a few miles of the town of Wexford, is

"a range of rocky hills called the mountain of

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Forth, forming the northern limit of the barony of

"that name. They extend nearly four miles in length, and about one mile across. They are about "seven hundred feet above the sea, are exceedingly

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rugged, bleak, and sterile, and are naturally almost "destitute of soil or vegetation. It was probably "for this reason that the district (not being com

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prised within the bounds of the neighbouring proprietors,) remained in a state of commonage "until within the last thirty or forty years.

It is

"now sprinkled with little patches of land, many of "them on the highest part of the mountain, re "claimed and enclosed at a vast expense of labour

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by the peasant-proprietors; who have been in"duced to overcome extraordinary difficulties in "the hope of at length making a little spot of land "their own. The surface was thickly covered "with large masses of rock of various sizes, and "intersected by the gullies formed by winter tor"rents. These rocks have been broken, buried, "rolled away, or heaped into the form of fences. "The land, when thus cleared, has been carefully "enriched with soil, manured, and tilled. These "little holdings vary from half an acre to ten of "fifteen acres. The occupiers hold by the right of

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'possession; they are generally poor; but they

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