History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present

Abbasid caliph Abd-al-Malik Abd-al-Raḥmān Abdullah Abu-al-Fida Africa Aghani Aghlabid Aḥmad al-'Iraq al-Andalus al-Başrah al-Ḥijāz al-Hirah al-Ma'mun al-Madinah al-Walid al-Yaman Aleppo Allah amir ancient Arabic army Asia astronomical Baghdad Baladhuri Baybars became Bedouin Beirut Berber Buwayhid Byzantine Cairo capital centre century chief Christian conquest Constantinople Cordova court Crusaders culture Damascus desert dinars dirhams dynasty early East Egypt Egyptian empire Europe Fatimid Fihrist flourished founder governor Granada Greek Hitti ibn-'Idhāri ibn-al-Athir ibn-Khaldūn ibn-Khallikān inscriptions Islam Jerusalem Jews Khurāsān king kingdom Koran Lakhmid land later Latin Leyden Makkah Mamluk Mamlūks Maqqari Maqrizi Mas'udi military Moslem mosque Mu'awiyah Muḥammad Mūsa Nabataean North origin Ottoman palace Paris peninsula period Persian philosopher poet Prophet reign religious Roman Saljuq Sāsānid Semitic Seville Shi'ite Sicily slave Spain Spanish successor sultan sūr Syria Tabari tion Toledo towns tradition translated tribe Turkish Umar Umayyad vizir Western Ya'qubi