The Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of ʻUmar

Abbasid Abd ul Aziz Abd ul Malik Abdulla abī Abū Ahmad Akhtal Alexandria Antioch Arabs ardebb of wheat asked Baghdad Baibars Benjamin of Tudela bishops blood money build Bukhtishu burnt Cairo caliph catholicus Christians churches citadel Copts covenant of Umar cross Damascus destroyed dhimmis dinars dirhams Edessa emirs faith Fatimid feast fire forbade gave orders given Hakam Hanifa Hārūn historians Husn Ibrāhīm Islam jarib Jews Jibrail jizya kadi Karim ud killed Kitāb ul land tax Magian Makrīzi Māmūn Mansur Melkite Misr Mizan monastery monks mosque Mu'awia Muhammad Mutawakkil nākūs paid papyri patriarch poet poll-tax prayers Prophet refused reign religion Sa'd says secretary sent Shafe'i slave Suli sultan Syria Taghlib thousand dinars thousand dirhams told took town treaty tribute turbans turned Muslim ud Dawla ud Dīn Umar II vizier Walid wear wine Yusuf zunnar Zuwaila